{
  "cdh_schema_version": "v0.5.0",
  "extensions": [
    "https://cgiar-climate-data-hub.github.io/cdh-metadata-standard/v0.5.0/extensions/cdh/schema.json",
    "https://cgiar-climate-data-hub.github.io/cdh-metadata-standard/v0.5.0/extensions/agriculture/schema.json"
  ],
  "id": "npkgrids",
  "title": "NPKGRIDS crop-specific fertilizer application rates circa 2020",
  "version": "2.0",
  "series": {
    "name": "CROPGRIDS",
    "url": "https://data.apps.fao.org/catalog/dataset/cropgrids"
  },
  "description": "NPKGRIDS maps synthetic fertilizer application rates of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (as P2O5) and potassium (as K2O) for 173 crops circa 2020 (a 2015 to 2020 average) on a global 0.05 degree grid (about 5.6 km at the equator), in kilograms per hectare of harvested area. Eight fertilizer datasets are fused and spread over the CROPGRIDS crop masks. This is the FAO release, regenerated with FAO's Python pipeline, holding 167 crops for all three nutrients plus alfalfa for N and P, as one GeoTIFF per nutrient and crop.\n",
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "resource_type": "dataset",
  "keywords": [
    "NPKGRIDS",
    "NPK",
    "fertilizer use by crop",
    "synthetic fertilizer",
    "nutrient application rate",
    "FAOSTAT",
    {
      "term": "fertilizer application",
      "scheme": "https://agrovoc.fao.org/",
      "uri": "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_10795"
    },
    {
      "term": "application rates",
      "scheme": "https://agrovoc.fao.org/",
      "uri": "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_16113"
    }
  ],
  "note": "Rates are modelled, not observed. No nodata is set: ocean and cells without the crop hold 0. Small countries and territories are excluded by the resolution. Within-country patterns follow Mueller et al. (2012) where no newer subnational data exist. Values match the figshare release (Nguyen et al. 2024) up to minor numerical deviations.\n",
  "contact": [
    {
      "organization": "Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations",
      "roles": [
        "licensor",
        "producer"
      ],
      "url": "https://www.fao.org/home/en/"
    },
    {
      "name": "Francesco N. Tubiello",
      "roles": [
        "point-of-contact"
      ],
      "email": "Francesco.Tubiello@fao.org",
      "organization": "Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations"
    },
    {
      "name": "Brayden Youngberg",
      "roles": [
        "maintainer"
      ],
      "email": "b.youngberg@cgiar.org",
      "organization": "Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT"
    }
  ],
  "citation": {
    "authors": [
      {
        "organization": "Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations"
      }
    ],
    "date": "2025",
    "publisher": "FAO Agro-Informatic Data Catalog",
    "url": "https://data.apps.fao.org/catalog/dataset/49a38274-d47d-40c2-8a45-7a2924a3f958"
  },
  "related_publications": [
    {
      "doi": "10.1038/s41597-024-04030-4",
      "citation": {
        "title": "NPKGRIDS: a global georeferenced dataset of N, P2O5, and K2O fertilizer application rates for 173 crops",
        "authors": [
          {
            "family": "Nguyen",
            "given": "T. H."
          },
          {
            "family": "Tang",
            "given": "F. H. M."
          },
          {
            "family": "Conchedda",
            "given": "G."
          },
          {
            "family": "Casse",
            "given": "L."
          },
          {
            "family": "Obli-Laryea",
            "given": "G."
          },
          {
            "family": "Tubiello",
            "given": "F. N."
          },
          {
            "family": "Maggi",
            "given": "F."
          }
        ],
        "date": "2024",
        "publisher": "Scientific Data"
      }
    },
    {
      "doi": "10.4060/ce0953en",
      "citation": {
        "title": "Embedding the NPKGRIDS pipeline into the CROPGRIDS system",
        "authors": [
          {
            "family": "Bottini",
            "given": "G."
          },
          {
            "family": "Tubiello",
            "given": "F. N."
          },
          {
            "family": "Rilling",
            "given": "H."
          },
          {
            "family": "Maggi",
            "given": "F."
          },
          {
            "family": "Tang",
            "given": "F."
          }
        ],
        "date": "2026",
        "publisher": "FAO Statistics Working Paper Series No. 26-54, FAO, Rome"
      }
    }
  ],
  "created": "2026-10-12",
  "updated": "2026-10-14",
  "spatial": {
    "bbox": [
      -180,
      -90,
      180,
      90
    ],
    "geography": [
      "world"
    ],
    "crs": "EPSG:4326"
  },
  "temporal": {
    "date": "2020"
  },
  "structures": [
    {
      "name": "cogs",
      "dimensions": [
        {
          "name": "cell",
          "type": "xy",
          "description": "0.05 degree cells (~5.6 km at the equator).",
          "step": 0.05,
          "unit": "degree"
        },
        {
          "name": "nutrient",
          "type": "nutrient",
          "description": "Fertilizer nutrient, the {nutrient} token of the file paths (mapsets CG-N, CG-P, CG-K).",
          "data_type": "string",
          "categories": [
            {
              "value": "N",
              "label": "Nitrogen (N)"
            },
            {
              "value": "P",
              "label": "Phosphorus as phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5)"
            },
            {
              "value": "K",
              "label": "Potassium as potassium oxide (K2O)"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "name": "crop",
          "type": "crop",
          "description": "FAO crop code, the {crop} token of the file names, labelled with FAOSTAT item names.",
          "reference_system": "https://data.apps.fao.org/gismgr/api/v2/catalog/workspaces/FAOSTAT/dimensions/CROP",
          "data_type": "string",
          "categories": [
            {
              "value": "ABACA",
              "label": "Abaca"
            },
            {
              "value": "AGAVE",
              "label": "Agave fibres, other"
            },
            {
              "value": "ALMOND",
              "label": "Almonds, with shell"
            },
            {
              "value": "ANISEETC",
              "label": "Anise, badian, fennel, coriander"
            },
            {
              "value": "APPLE",
              "label": "Apples"
            },
            {
              "value": "APRICOT",
              "label": "Apricots"
            },
            {
              "value": "ARECA",
              "label": "Areca nuts"
            },
            {
              "value": "ARTICHOKE",
              "label": "Artichokes"
            },
            {
              "value": "ASPARAGUS",
              "label": "Asparagus"
            },
            {
              "value": "AVOCADO",
              "label": "Avocados"
            },
            {
              "value": "BAMBARA",
              "label": "Bambara beans"
            },
            {
              "value": "BANANA",
              "label": "Bananas"
            },
            {
              "value": "BARLEY",
              "label": "Barley"
            },
            {
              "value": "BEAN",
              "label": "Beans, dry"
            },
            {
              "value": "BEETFOR",
              "label": "Beets for fodder"
            },
            {
              "value": "BERRYNES",
              "label": "Berries, other"
            },
            {
              "value": "BLUEBERRY",
              "label": "Blueberries"
            },
            {
              "value": "BRAZIL",
              "label": "Brazil nuts, with shell"
            },
            {
              "value": "BROADBEAN",
              "label": "Broad beans, horse beans, dry"
            },
            {
              "value": "BUCKWHEAT",
              "label": "Buckwheat"
            },
            {
              "value": "CABBAGE",
              "label": "Cabbages and other brassicas"
            },
            {
              "value": "CABBAGEFOR",
              "label": "Cabbages for fodder"
            },
            {
              "value": "CANARYSEED",
              "label": "Canary seed"
            },
            {
              "value": "CAROB",
              "label": "Carobs"
            },
            {
              "value": "CARROT",
              "label": "Carrots and turnips"
            },
            {
              "value": "CARROTFOR",
              "label": "Carrots for fodder"
            },
            {
              "value": "CASHEWAPPLE",
              "label": "Cashewapple"
            },
            {
              "value": "CASSAVA",
              "label": "Cassava"
            },
            {
              "value": "CASTOR",
              "label": "Castor oil seed"
            },
            {
              "value": "CAULIFLOWER",
              "label": "Cauliflowers and broccoli"
            },
            {
              "value": "CEREALNES",
              "label": "Cereals, other"
            },
            {
              "value": "CHERRY",
              "label": "Cherries"
            },
            {
              "value": "CHESTNUT",
              "label": "Chest nuts"
            },
            {
              "value": "CHICKPEA",
              "label": "Chick peas"
            },
            {
              "value": "CHICORY",
              "label": "Chicory roots"
            },
            {
              "value": "CHILLEETC",
              "label": "Chillies and peppers, green"
            },
            {
              "value": "CINNAMON",
              "label": "Cinnamon (cannella)"
            },
            {
              "value": "CITRUSNES",
              "label": "Citrus fruit, other"
            },
            {
              "value": "CLOVE",
              "label": "Cloves"
            },
            {
              "value": "CLOVER",
              "label": "Clover"
            },
            {
              "value": "COCOA",
              "label": "Cocoa, beans"
            },
            {
              "value": "COCONUT",
              "label": "Coconuts"
            },
            {
              "value": "COFFEE",
              "label": "Coffee, green"
            },
            {
              "value": "COTTON",
              "label": "Cotton seed"
            },
            {
              "value": "COWPEA",
              "label": "Cow peas, dry"
            },
            {
              "value": "CRANBERRY",
              "label": "Cranberries"
            },
            {
              "value": "CUCUMBERETC",
              "label": "Cucumbers and gherkins"
            },
            {
              "value": "CURRANT",
              "label": "Currants"
            },
            {
              "value": "DATE",
              "label": "Dates"
            },
            {
              "value": "EGGPLANT",
              "label": "Eggplants (aubergines)"
            },
            {
              "value": "FIG",
              "label": "Figs"
            },
            {
              "value": "FLAX",
              "label": "Flax fibre and tow"
            },
            {
              "value": "FONIO",
              "label": "Fonio"
            },
            {
              "value": "FORNES",
              "label": "Fornes"
            },
            {
              "value": "FRUITNES",
              "label": "Fruit fresh, other"
            },
            {
              "value": "GARLIC",
              "label": "Garlic"
            },
            {
              "value": "GINGER",
              "label": "Ginger"
            },
            {
              "value": "GOOSEBERRY",
              "label": "Gooseberries"
            },
            {
              "value": "GRAPE",
              "label": "Grapes"
            },
            {
              "value": "GRASSNES",
              "label": "Grasses, others"
            },
            {
              "value": "GREENBEAN",
              "label": "Green beans"
            },
            {
              "value": "GREENCORN",
              "label": "Green corn (maize, green)"
            },
            {
              "value": "GREENONION",
              "label": "Green onion, shallots"
            },
            {
              "value": "GREENPEA",
              "label": "Green peas"
            },
            {
              "value": "GROUNDNUT",
              "label": "Groundnuts, with shell"
            },
            {
              "value": "HAZELNUT",
              "label": "Hazelnuts, with shell"
            },
            {
              "value": "HEMP",
              "label": "Hemp tow waste"
            },
            {
              "value": "HEMPSEED",
              "label": "Hempseed"
            },
            {
              "value": "HOP",
              "label": "Hops"
            },
            {
              "value": "JUTE",
              "label": "Jute"
            },
            {
              "value": "JUTELIKEFIBER",
              "label": "Jute-like fibers"
            },
            {
              "value": "KAPOKFIBER",
              "label": "Kapok"
            },
            {
              "value": "KAPOKSEED",
              "label": "Kapok fruit"
            },
            {
              "value": "KARITE",
              "label": "Karite nuts (sheanuts)"
            },
            {
              "value": "KIWI",
              "label": "Kiwi fruit"
            },
            {
              "value": "KOLANUT",
              "label": "Kola nuts"
            },
            {
              "value": "LEGUMENES",
              "label": "Legumes, other"
            },
            {
              "value": "LEMONLIME",
              "label": "Lemons and limes"
            },
            {
              "value": "LENTIL",
              "label": "Lentils"
            },
            {
              "value": "LETTUCE",
              "label": "Lettuce and chicory"
            },
            {
              "value": "LINSEED",
              "label": "Linseed"
            },
            {
              "value": "LUPIN",
              "label": "Lupins"
            },
            {
              "value": "MAIZE",
              "label": "Maize"
            },
            {
              "value": "MAIZEFOR",
              "label": "Maize for forage and silage"
            },
            {
              "value": "MANGO",
              "label": "Mangoes, mangosteens, guavas"
            },
            {
              "value": "MATE",
              "label": "Mate"
            },
            {
              "value": "MELONETC",
              "label": "Melons, other (inc. cantaloupes)"
            },
            {
              "value": "MELONSEED",
              "label": "Melonseed"
            },
            {
              "value": "MILLET",
              "label": "Millet"
            },
            {
              "value": "MIXEDGRAIN",
              "label": "Mixed grain"
            },
            {
              "value": "MIXEDGRASS",
              "label": "Mixed grasses and legumes"
            },
            {
              "value": "MUSHROOM",
              "label": "Mushrooms and truffles"
            },
            {
              "value": "MUSTARD",
              "label": "Mustard seed"
            },
            {
              "value": "NUTMEG",
              "label": "Nutmeg, mace and cardamoms"
            },
            {
              "value": "NUTNES",
              "label": "Nuts, other"
            },
            {
              "value": "OATS",
              "label": "Oats"
            },
            {
              "value": "OILPALM",
              "label": "Oil palm fruit"
            },
            {
              "value": "OILSEEDFOR",
              "label": "Oilseed for fodder, green"
            },
            {
              "value": "OILSEEDNES",
              "label": "Oilseed, other"
            },
            {
              "value": "OKRA",
              "label": "Okra"
            },
            {
              "value": "OLIVE",
              "label": "Olives"
            },
            {
              "value": "ONION",
              "label": "Onions, dry"
            },
            {
              "value": "ORANGE",
              "label": "Oranges"
            },
            {
              "value": "PAPAYA",
              "label": "Papayas"
            },
            {
              "value": "PEA",
              "label": "Peas, dry"
            },
            {
              "value": "PEACHETC",
              "label": "Peaches and nectarines"
            },
            {
              "value": "PEAR",
              "label": "Pears"
            },
            {
              "value": "PEPPER",
              "label": "Pepper (piper spp.)"
            },
            {
              "value": "PEPPERMINT",
              "label": "Peppermint"
            },
            {
              "value": "PERSIMMON",
              "label": "Persimmons"
            },
            {
              "value": "PIGEONPEA",
              "label": "Pigeon peas"
            },
            {
              "value": "PIMENTO",
              "label": "Pimento"
            },
            {
              "value": "PINEAPPLE",
              "label": "Pineapples"
            },
            {
              "value": "PISTACHIO",
              "label": "Pistachios"
            },
            {
              "value": "PLANTAIN",
              "label": "Plantains and others"
            },
            {
              "value": "PLUM",
              "label": "Plums and sloes"
            },
            {
              "value": "POPCORN",
              "label": "Popcorn"
            },
            {
              "value": "POPPY",
              "label": "Poppy seed"
            },
            {
              "value": "POTATO",
              "label": "Potatoes"
            },
            {
              "value": "PULSENES",
              "label": "Pulses, other"
            },
            {
              "value": "PUMPKINETC",
              "label": "Pumpkins, squash and gourds"
            },
            {
              "value": "PYRETHRUM",
              "label": "Pyrethrum, dried flowers"
            },
            {
              "value": "QUINCE",
              "label": "Quinces"
            },
            {
              "value": "QUINOA",
              "label": "Quinoa"
            },
            {
              "value": "RAMIE",
              "label": "Ramie"
            },
            {
              "value": "RAPESEED",
              "label": "Rapeseed"
            },
            {
              "value": "RASBERRY",
              "label": "Rasberries"
            },
            {
              "value": "RICE",
              "label": "Rice, paddy"
            },
            {
              "value": "ROOTNES",
              "label": "Roots and tubers, other"
            },
            {
              "value": "RUBBER",
              "label": "Rubber, natural"
            },
            {
              "value": "RYE",
              "label": "Rye"
            },
            {
              "value": "RYEFOR",
              "label": "Rye grass for forage and silage"
            },
            {
              "value": "SAFFLOWER",
              "label": "Safflower seed"
            },
            {
              "value": "SESAME",
              "label": "Sesame seed"
            },
            {
              "value": "SISAL",
              "label": "Sisal"
            },
            {
              "value": "SORGHUM",
              "label": "Sorghum"
            },
            {
              "value": "SORGHUMFOR",
              "label": "Sorghum for forage and silage"
            },
            {
              "value": "SOURCHERRY",
              "label": "Sour cherries"
            },
            {
              "value": "SOYBEAN",
              "label": "Soybeans"
            },
            {
              "value": "SPICENES",
              "label": "Spices, other"
            },
            {
              "value": "SPINACH",
              "label": "Spinach"
            },
            {
              "value": "STRAWBERRY",
              "label": "Strawberries"
            },
            {
              "value": "STRINGBEAN",
              "label": "String beans"
            },
            {
              "value": "SUGARBEET",
              "label": "Sugar beet"
            },
            {
              "value": "SUGARCANE",
              "label": "Sugar cane"
            },
            {
              "value": "SUGARNES",
              "label": "Sugar crops, other"
            },
            {
              "value": "SUNFLOWER",
              "label": "Sunflower seed"
            },
            {
              "value": "SWEDEFOR",
              "label": "Swedes for fodder"
            },
            {
              "value": "SWEETPOTATO",
              "label": "Sweet potatoes"
            },
            {
              "value": "TANGETC",
              "label": "Tangerines, mandarins, clementines, satsumas"
            },
            {
              "value": "TARO",
              "label": "Taro (cocoyam)"
            },
            {
              "value": "TEA",
              "label": "Tea"
            },
            {
              "value": "TOBACCO",
              "label": "Tobacco leaves"
            },
            {
              "value": "TOMATO",
              "label": "Tomatoes"
            },
            {
              "value": "TRITICALE",
              "label": "Triticale"
            },
            {
              "value": "TROPICALNES",
              "label": "Fruit tropical fresh, other"
            },
            {
              "value": "TUNG",
              "label": "Tung nuts"
            },
            {
              "value": "TURNIPFOR",
              "label": "Turnips for fodder"
            },
            {
              "value": "VANILLA",
              "label": "Vanilla"
            },
            {
              "value": "VEGETABLENES",
              "label": "Vegetablenes"
            },
            {
              "value": "VEGFOR",
              "label": "Vegetables and roots for fodder"
            },
            {
              "value": "VETCH",
              "label": "Vetches"
            },
            {
              "value": "WALNUT",
              "label": "Walnuts, with shell"
            },
            {
              "value": "WATERMELON",
              "label": "Watermelons"
            },
            {
              "value": "WHEAT",
              "label": "Wheat"
            },
            {
              "value": "YAM",
              "label": "Yams"
            },
            {
              "value": "YAUTIA",
              "label": "Yautia (cocoyam)"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "variables": [
        {
          "name": "application_rate",
          "description": "Synthetic fertilizer application rate of the nutrient on the crop, per hectare of harvested area.",
          "data_type": "float32",
          "unit": "kg ha-1",
          "note": "Relative quantity; do not sum across cells. Use a weighted mean with CROPGRIDS harvested area as the weight, or multiply by harvested area to get applied mass.\n"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "name": "alfalfa",
      "dimensions": [
        {
          "name": "cell",
          "type": "xy",
          "description": "0.05 degree cells (~5.6 km at the equator).",
          "step": 0.05,
          "unit": "degree"
        },
        {
          "name": "nutrient",
          "type": "nutrient",
          "description": "Fertilizer nutrient, the {nutrient} token of the file paths (mapsets CG-N, CG-P).",
          "data_type": "string",
          "categories": [
            {
              "value": "N",
              "label": "Nitrogen (N)"
            },
            {
              "value": "P",
              "label": "Phosphorus as phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5)"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "name": "crop",
          "type": "crop",
          "description": "FAO crop code, the {crop} token of the file names.",
          "reference_system": "https://data.apps.fao.org/gismgr/api/v2/catalog/workspaces/FAOSTAT/dimensions/CROP",
          "data_type": "string",
          "categories": [
            {
              "value": "ALFALFA",
              "label": "Alfalfa"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "variables": [
        {
          "name": "application_rate",
          "description": "Synthetic fertilizer application rate of the nutrient on the crop, per hectare of harvested area.",
          "data_type": "float32",
          "unit": "kg ha-1",
          "note": "Relative quantity; do not sum across cells. Use a weighted mean with CROPGRIDS harvested area as the weight, or multiply by harvested area to get applied mass.\n"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "cdh": {
    "domain": [
      "agricultural-production"
    ],
    "usage": {
      "intended_uses": [
        "global and regional mapping of fertilizer use by crop and nutrient",
        "nutrient budget, emissions, and environmental impact modelling",
        "spatial targeting at national and sub-national scale"
      ],
      "not_recommended_for": [
        {
          "use": "field-scale fertilizer recommendations",
          "reason": "the grid is too coarse and the rates are statistical allocations, not agronomic advice.",
          "use_instead": "local soil tests and extension guidance."
        }
      ]
    }
  },
  "commodities": [
    "crops"
  ],
  "processing": [
    {
      "id": "source",
      "description": "FAO Python re-implementation of the NPKGRIDS pipeline (Bottini et al. 2026): inputs harmonized to rates per harvested hectare, ranked by quality per nutrient, crop and subnational unit, gap-filled from neighbours and similar crops, and spread uniformly over the CROPGRIDS crop masks. Code not public as of this record.\n",
      "date": "2025-11-20",
      "derived_from": [
        {
          "id": "cropgrids",
          "version": "2.0",
          "title": "CROPGRIDS crop masks used to spatialize the rates"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11420",
          "title": "Mueller et al. (2012) gridded N, P, K application rates, used for within-country allocation"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "data": [
    {
      "name": "cogs",
      "structures": [
        "cogs"
      ],
      "locations": [
        {
          "url": "https://storage.googleapis.com/fao-gismgr-faostat-data/DATA/FAOSTAT/MAPSET/",
          "title": "HTTPS"
        },
        {
          "url": "gs://fao-gismgr-faostat-data/DATA/FAOSTAT/MAPSET/",
          "title": "GCS"
        }
      ],
      "href_template": "CG-{nutrient}/FAOSTAT.CG-{nutrient}.2020.{crop}.tif",
      "processing_steps": [
        "source"
      ],
      "description": "One COG per nutrient and crop for the 167 crops in all three mapsets, about 125 MB per nutrient.",
      "media_type": "image/tiff; application=geotiff; profile=cloud-optimized"
    },
    {
      "name": "alfalfa-cogs",
      "structures": [
        "alfalfa"
      ],
      "locations": [
        {
          "url": "https://storage.googleapis.com/fao-gismgr-faostat-data/DATA/FAOSTAT/MAPSET/",
          "title": "HTTPS"
        },
        {
          "url": "gs://fao-gismgr-faostat-data/DATA/FAOSTAT/MAPSET/",
          "title": "GCS"
        }
      ],
      "href_template": "CG-{nutrient}/FAOSTAT.CG-{nutrient}.2020.{crop}.tif",
      "processing_steps": [
        "source"
      ],
      "description": "The two ALFALFA files, which exist for N and P but not K.",
      "media_type": "image/tiff; application=geotiff; profile=cloud-optimized"
    }
  ],
  "additional_links": [
    {
      "title": "Nitrogen application rate (Global - 2020 - ~5.6 km) - CROPGRIDS",
      "rel": "describedby",
      "url": "https://data.apps.fao.org/catalog/dataset/49a38274-d47d-40c2-8a45-7a2924a3f958"
    },
    {
      "title": "Phosphorus application rate (Global - 2020 - ~5.6 km) - CROPGRIDS",
      "rel": "describedby",
      "url": "https://data.apps.fao.org/catalog/dataset/7514c3a8-bef2-4a08-8da3-348277b30f98"
    },
    {
      "title": "Potassium application rate (Global - 2020 - ~5.6 km) - CROPGRIDS",
      "rel": "describedby",
      "url": "https://data.apps.fao.org/catalog/dataset/640cf89c-fc75-4d91-bec9-f0902320b08b"
    },
    {
      "title": "FAO gismgr mapset metadata",
      "rel": "describedby",
      "url": "https://data.apps.fao.org/gismgr/api/v2/catalog/workspaces/FAOSTAT/mapsets/CG-N",
      "description": "Units and crop dimension from the FAO geodata API."
    },
    {
      "title": "Original NPKGRIDS release on figshare",
      "rel": "related",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.24616050",
      "description": "Research release of Nguyen et al. (2024)."
    }
  ]
}